Dear Media students,
Write your answer to the following questions.
a. Do you think that studying philosophy is of any significance to media studies students? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media persons.
b. Synthesis in Western philosophical thought.
c. Medieval Age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
I anticipate to read your answers by 30 December 2010, before 2pm.
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Q1. Do you think studying Philosophy is of any significance to media studies students ? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media person.
ReplyDeleteAns: - Studying Philosophy is of great significance to Media Studies students. Studying philosophy, a journalist gets knowledge about using arguments, logic, and premises in a suitable manner for a news reporting.
For ex. 'Parliament is responsible for this very Political deadlock', Prachand said.
Prachanda said-'Parliament should be collapsed.'
Therefore Parliament should be collapsed.
From the above arguments, one thing is clear that, a journalist reporting the Maoist suprimo – Prachand's Press Meet, is seen biased as lobbying the Maoist. There an argument can be made –if Parliament is responsible factor of this political deadlock then all the treaties\ comprehensive peace agreement between seven political party alliance & Maoist should also be collapsed, since, the agreements were done in accordance to Parliamentary system's convention. And one thing must be remembered Parliament is the ornament of democracy. So, the journalist having knowledge of logic can only reach to a conclusion giving sound combination of arguments , and logic is part of philosophical inquiry.
Secondly, a journalist should be Renaissance man. A renaissance journalist in brief may be called as Convergent journalist. As in Renaissance god was kept in a small corner. It was the observation on which everything was believed, scientific enquiry was at top. Renaissance man - the man of universal genius, embracing all aspects of life, literature, science, philosophy, art, & audience.
An important figure of Renaissance, Pico Della Merandolla , said-"I can challenge all the thesis of the world. I can prove 900 thesis written in Latin, Greek to be wrong."
Another philosopher was- Francis Beckon, he is called father of essay writing. He was a scientist, writer, politician and philosopher. He said- I take all knowledge for my province. Man has potential to attain everything.
So, from above two examples of Renaissance Philosophers , renaissance man was having capable to study more domains and applied their study in many areas to research a new trend.
Renaissance Media Person:
Renaissance media person, I consider the journalist who is a convergent journalist & have command over every bits of reporting. For ex.
1.Deepak Chaurasiya, an eminent journalist of India. He is novelist, writer, political editor, news reporter\writer, investigative journalist, interviewer, author of many media & political books. He is convergent journalist too- as he has worked in print, electronic & online. He has good command over maximum bits of journalism. So, he can be called as Renaissance journalist.
2.Prabhu Chawla, Chief Editor of India Today Group, a most prominent and promising journalist of India. He is an economist, literary figure, Political editor, interviewer, editor, publisher, crime reporter, investigative journalist, political analyst, sports editor, entertainment editor and so on. So, he is considered to be a convergent journalist- since he is allied with Print, Electronic & Online Media. He is Renaissance journalist too, as he is working in maximum bits of journalism.
3.Yuvraj Ghimire, a prominent journalist of Nepal. He is editor, personality development Guru, social scientist, media researcher, political analyst and has command over maximum bits of journalism. So, he can be considered as Renaissance journalist.
4.Ravindra Mishra
Posted by- Jivesh Jha
contd......Q 1
ReplyDelete4.Ravindra Mishra, the most popular and promising journalist of the decade, of Nepal. He is presently chief of BBC Nepali Service. He has worked in national & international media. He is working as a columnist, reporter and news reader since more than fifteen years. He has worked as journalist in The News International, a daily newspaper of Pakistan, BBC television of London, BBC Radio of London, BBC Online & Kantipur, Nepal, The Kathmandu Post, Nagrik – newspapers published in Nepal. So , he is a convergent journalist too-since he has served print, electronic, and online media. He is a Renaissance journalist too, since he is writing in maximum bits of journalism.
5.Bimal Gautam, a popular crime reporter of Nepal. His main area is corruption reporting. He was previously allied with Kantipur daily and shifted to Kantipur TV, and now serving Republica- an English medium daily. So, he is also a convergent journalist and a renaissance journalist too, since he has worked in print & electronic both. And is reporting for maximum bits.
So, conclusion can be drawn as the media studies students after studying Philosophy, we came to know about philosophical trends of renaissance and the philosophers of that period having knowledge of maximum domain. We Media Studies students should also be capable to have knowledge of maximum bits of journalism. We should jack of all trade but master of few.If we would be able to become a renaissance journo in coming days, then it would be a sensational boom in journalism field as we would have been working in probably all the bits. A single journalist would be working in print, electronic, and online and the same man would be political reporter, crime reporter, investigative journo, sports journo, entertainment journo, and editor. So, by studying philosophical enquiry of Renaissance, it has strengthened our will power to try our level best to become a convergent journalist and renaissance journalist too. So, in conclusion, Philosophy study is of great significance to Media Studies students who are going to become a Media person or Journalist in near future.
Posted by- Jivesh Jha
Q. 1. Synthesis is western philosophical thought. Explain.
ReplyDeleteAns :- Hegel, the Guru of Karl Marx- profounder of Communism. He used world spirits instead of god. He believed that everything happen in this world it has been determined and that’s why anything happen. He was a fatalist believer. He is remembered for Dialectical method-it is sum total of Thesis+ Anti-thesis+ Synthesis. Dialectical method again makes world spirit.
For example, There was king rule Nepal. (thesis )
Political parties protest. ( anti-thesis )
The end of king's power. ( synthesis)
So from above example, it clear that there was king rule in Nepal, the people and the political parties were not happy with king's rule as he was not democratic rather he was autocratic, vanishing all the democratic power. So , political parties protests against king's rule and people movement risen up and king dethroned and eventually the king's power came to an end.
Hegel is the profounder of this dialectic method. He also believes that synthesis is the result of world spirit, since it is already in fate to be happen. Every synthesis, thesis and antithesis is determined in world spirit , that’s why anything happen.
Descartes rationalism was a thesis- which was contradicted by Hume's Empirical antithesis. But the contradiction, or the tension between two modes of thought, was resolved in Kant's Synthesis. Kant agreed with rationalist in something and with empiricist in others.
Hegel believed that history itself revealed this dialectic pattern. He thus claimed he had uncovered certain laws for the development of reason-or the progress of the 'world spirit ' through history. When we discuss something we think dialectically. We try to find flows in argument. Hegel called it-'negative thinking'. But when we find flows in the arguments, we preserve the best of it.
If we relate the dialectic method of Hegel in eastern philosophy, it has very long history of synthesis process. Hindus, specially believer of god, believes that everything happens as they have to happen because it's in fate. Hindus or eastern people believes that God has constructed this very result in my fate that’s why it came in my life. So, to some extent it can be believed that synthesis is not only a western thought rather it is an eastern thought too.
Posted by- Jivesh Jha
Q .3. Medieval age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
ReplyDeleteAns :- Medieval age is the period of middle age in European history\philosophy from 600 AD – 1500 AD. Middle age was hard for all Europeans, the survivors and descendents of the fallen empire. Because of the devastation of the fifth and sixth centuries AD, they faced three major challenges.
1.Struggle for subsistence: The first challenge was simply to survive. Economic crisis was there. For centuries the human race, at least in the civilized part of the world, had lived well above that critical level. Now, with their world in ruins, many communities came dangerously close to abject poverty and even starvation and death. As a result, large areas became desert, and wasteland. They were cold in winter, hot in summer. After dark, the only light came from their smoky fires.
2.A world of enemies: Their life were also filled with danger. Living in small, self contained communities, lacking a powerful central authority or civil police, they were constantly attacked by pirates and marauding criminals. During dark age the price of protection was extremely high, as much three quarters of the income of those who were being protected.
3. The problem of God: god was the last of three medieval challenges. Human beings had always been interested in god and had attempted to understand his ways. They became obsessed with god. They thought about god, they studied god, they tried to ascertain his will and to obey it, and they tried to discover god's purpose in the world and to advance them. Their lives became more gods centered than ever before in western history.
The philosopher Augustine seen in medieval age, he said the city of man is different from city of god . He divided the world in two regions- the city of God & the city of Man. Secondly, the Jews were god- obsessed and always had been. Everywhere, too, Jewish scholars and rabbis not only studied and rabbis not only studied and codified Jewish history and law but also studied and codified Hellenistic learning. They worked with Greeks & Christians. Jews of Alexandria that Arab Muslim first came in to close contact with Greek culture. While talking about religion Constantine adopted Christianity as the roman state religion, he did not claim to be the Christian god. The Christian god was not just one of many gods. Pope was the most powerful authority at that time, since his background don’t allow him as a temporal leaders, consequently pope needed to establish and perpetrate an institution, headed by a man who would obey him. Charlemagne , who was crowned by pope on Christmas day of the year 800. The relative power of the empire and the papacy rose and fell during the centuries after 800.
A new view of the world swept over Christendom during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when two orders were established, the Franciscans and the Dominicans . Franciscans of Assisi , the tiny, haunted man who founded the Franciscan around 1210, was an altogether extraordinary figure of the later middle age. Talking as the aim of his new life 'to follow the teaching of our lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footstep,' Francis demanded that his followers subsists entirely on what they could beg as they walked through the world, preaching their message to all who would listen. His new order, and that of the Dominicans, founded about the same time by Spaniard Domingo de Guzman, were called mendicants, for they adjured great abbeys and cloisters in favor of a life of utmost simplicity and poverty.
In later years..........
Posted by- Jivesh Jha
Q .3. Medieval age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
ReplyDeleteAns :- Medieval age is the period of middle age in European history\philosophy from 600 AD – 1500 AD. Middle age was hard for all Europeans, the survivors and descendents of the fallen empire. Because of the devastation of the fifth and sixth centuries AD, they faced three major challenges.
1.Struggle for subsistence: The first challenge was simply to survive. Economic crisis was there. For centuries the human race, at least in the civilized part of the world, had lived well above that critical level. Now, with their world in ruins, many communities came dangerously close to abject poverty and even starvation and death. As a result, large areas became desert, and wasteland. They were cold in winter, hot in summer. After dark, the only light came from their smoky fires.
2.A world of enemies: Their life were also filled with danger. Living in small, self contained communities, lacking a powerful central authority or civil police, they were constantly attacked by pirates and marauding criminals. During dark age the price of protection was extremely high, as much three quarters of the income of those who were being protected.
3. The problem of God: god was the last of three medieval challenges. Human beings had always been interested in god and had attempted to understand his ways. They became obsessed with god. They thought about god, they studied god, they tried to ascertain his will and to obey it, and they tried to discover god's purpose in the world and to advance them. Their lives became more gods centered than ever before in western history.
The philosopher Augustine seen in medieval age, he said the city of man is different from city of god . He divided the world in two regions- the city of God & the city of Man. Secondly, the Jews were god- obsessed and always had been. Everywhere, too, Jewish scholars and rabbis not only studied and rabbis not only studied and codified Jewish history and law but also studied and codified Hellenistic learning. They worked with Greeks & Christians. Jews of Alexandria that Arab Muslim first came in to close contact with Greek culture. While talking.............
Q 3 contd............about religion Constantine adopted Christianity as the roman state religion, he did not claim to be the Christian god. The Christian god was not just one of many gods. Pope was the most powerful authority at that time, since his background don’t allow him as a temporal leaders, consequently pope needed to establish and perpetrate an institution, headed by a man who would obey him. Charlemagne , who was crowned by pope on Christmas day of the year 800. The relative power of the empire and the papacy rose and fell during the centuries after 800.
ReplyDeleteA new view of the world swept over Christendom during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when two orders were established, the Franciscans and the Dominicans . Franciscans of Assisi , the tiny, haunted man who founded the Franciscan around 1210, was an altogether extraordinary figure of the later middle age. Talking as the aim of his new life 'to follow the teaching of our lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footstep,' Francis demanded that his followers subsists entirely on what they could beg as they walked through the world, preaching their message to all who would listen. His new order, and that of the Dominicans, founded about the same time by Spaniard Domingo de Guzman, were called mendicants, for they adjured great abbeys and cloisters in favor of a life of utmost simplicity and poverty.
In later years even the Dominicans and Franciscans were tempted by the riches that were forced upon them by those who hoped to purchase salvation by giving their wealth to holy men and women. Often brilliant, always dedicated, these men and women removed themselves from the general secular life of the when they entered a monastery or cloister. They made no further contribution to economy or to society. It is notable that in theocratic governance great experiments under taken in middle age.
So, a conclusion can be drawn, from the above explanations that middle age or Medieval age did not come up with new philosophical trend as the people were in a very critical condition- suffering from security & economic crisis. And one thing must be remembered that god was at supreme- god was all in all at that time, so people did not think more than their devotion on god. So, we can conclude without any hesitation that any new philosophical trend did not enter in this very age. Posted by- Jivesh Jha
Q3 CONTD....about religion Constantine adopted Christianity as the roman state religion, he did not claim to be the Christian god. The Christian god was not just one of many gods. Pope was the most powerful authority at that time, since his background don’t allow him as a temporal leaders, consequently pope needed to establish and perpetrate an institution, headed by a man who would obey him. Charlemagne , who was crowned by pope on Christmas day of the year 800. The relative power of the empire and the papacy rose and fell during the centuries after 800.
ReplyDeleteA new view of the world swept over Christendom during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when two orders were established, the Franciscans and the Dominicans . Franciscans of Assisi , the tiny, haunted man who founded the Franciscan around 1210, was an altogether extraordinary figure of the later middle age. Talking as the aim of his new life 'to follow the teaching of our lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footstep,' Francis demanded that his followers subsists entirely on what they could beg as they walked through the world, preaching their message to all who would listen. His new order, and that of the Dominicans, founded about the same time by Spaniard Domingo de Guzman, were called mendicants, for they adjured great abbeys and cloisters in favor of a life of utmost simplicity and poverty.
In later years even the Dominicans and Franciscans were tempted by the riches that were forced upon them by those who hoped to purchase salvation by giving their wealth to holy men and women. Often brilliant, always dedicated, these men and women removed themselves from the general secular life of the when they entered a monastery or cloister. They made no further contribution to economy or to society. It is notable that in theocratic governance great experiments under taken in middle age.
So, a conclusion can be drawn, from the above explanations that middle age or Medieval age did not come up with new philosophical trend as the people were in a very critical condition- suffering from security & economic crisis. And one thing must be remembered that god was at supreme- god was all in all at that time, so people did not think more than their devotion on god. So, we can conclude without any hesitation that any new philosophical trend did not enter in this very age. Posted by- Jivesh Jha
respected sir,
ReplyDeletesorry for mistakes in posting.
jivesh
Q. 1. Synthesis is western philosophical thought. Explain.
ReplyDeleteAns :- Immanuel Kant and Hegel the synthesis father of western philosophy. Kant is popularly known as the Synthesizer of the philosophical thought of empiricist and rationalist. He tried to vision the world in the form of Time and Space which is a greatest example of synthesis even relating to the philosophical trend of Guru Plato and Aristotle.
Another synthesis or a commentary about Hegel was done by Karl Marx. Hegel emphasized on consciousness rather than matter. He said matter comes before counsciousness but Karl Marx give the vision of Matter before idea.
As we watch the philosophical trend we rather see antithesis to thesis but later philosopher tried to answer the question with scientific knowledge which can be claimed as synthesis.
Hegel is the profounder of the dialectic method. He also believes that synthesis is the result of world spirit, since it is already in fate to be happen. Every synthesis, thesis and antithesis is determined in world spirit , that’s why anything happen.
Descartes rationalism was a thesis- which was contradicted by Hume's Empirical antithesis. But the contradiction, or the tension between two modes of thought, was resolved in Kant's Synthesis. Kant agreed with rationalist in something and with empiricist in others.
Hegel believed that history itself revealed this dialectic pattern. He thus claimed he had uncovered certain laws for the development of reason-or the progress of the 'world spirit ' through history. When we discuss something we think dialectically. We try to find flows in argument. Hegel called it-'negative thinking'. But when we find flows in the arguments, we preserve the best of it.
Hindus or eastern people believes that God has constructed this very result in my fate that’s why it came in my life. So, to some extent it can be believed that synthesis is not only a western thought rather it is an eastern thought too.
Posted by- Alok Lamsal
Q .3. Medieval age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
ReplyDeleteAns :- Medieval age is the period of middle age in European history\philosophy from 600 AD – 1500 AD- According to cambridge advanced learners dictionary. They faced three major challenges.
1. Struggle for subsistence: The first challenge was simply to survive. Economic crisis was there. For centuries the human race, at least in the civilized part of the world, had lived well above that critical level. Now, with their world in ruins, many communities came dangerously close to abject poverty and even starvation and death. As a result, large areas became desert, and wasteland. They were cold in winter, hot in summer. After dark, the only light came from their smoky fires.
2. A world of enemies: Their life were also filled with danger. Living in small, self contained communities, lacking a powerful central authority or civil police, they were constantly attacked by pirates and marauding criminals. During dark age the price of protection was extremely high, as much three quarters of the income of those who were being protected.
3. The problem of God: god was the last of three medieval challenges. Human beings had always been interested in god and had attempted to understand his ways. They became obsessed with god. They thought about god, they studied god, they tried to ascertain his will and to obey it, and they tried to discover god's purpose in the world and to advance them. Their lives became more gods centered than ever before in western history.
As Socrates has said, God is vague concept so i dont want to waste my time finding the god. So, if the philosophers tried to answer the philosophical trend scientifically then this midievel age would'nt have to suffer so as they suffered. Their view and ideas stuck with the abxcense and presence of god. The philosopher Augustine seen in medieval age, he said the city of man is different from city of god . He divided the world in two regions- the city of God & the city of Man. The Christian god was not just one of many gods. Pope was the most powerful authority at that time, since his background don’t allow him as a temporal leaders, consequently pope needed to establish and perpetrate an institution, headed by a man who would obey him. Charlemagne , who was crowned by pope on Christmas day of the year 800. The relative power of the empire and the papacy rose and fell during the centuries after 800.
A new view of the world swept over Christendom during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when two orders were established, the Franciscans and the Dominicans . Franciscans of Assisi , the tiny, haunted man who founded the Franciscan around 1210, was an altogether extraordinary figure of the later middle age. Talking as the aim of his new life 'to follow the teaching of our lord Jesus Christ and to walk in his footstep,' Francis demanded that his followers subsists entirely on what they could beg as they walked through the world, preaching their message to all who would listen. His new order, and that of the Dominicans, founded about the same time by Spaniard Domingo de Guzman, were called mendicants, for they adjured great abbeys and cloisters in favor of a life of utmost simplicity and poverty.
In later years even the Dominicans and Franciscans were tempted by the riches that were forced upon them by those who hoped to purchase salvation by giving their wealth to holy men and women. Often brilliant, always dedicated, these men and women removed themselves from the general secular life of the when they entered a monastery or cloister. They made no further contribution to economy or to society. It is notable that in theocratic governance great experiments under taken in middle age.
So, due to these comments midevel age didn't come up with new philosophicla insight.
Posted by- Alok Lamsal
Q .3. Medieval age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
ReplyDeleteAns :- Medieval age is the period of middle age in European history\philosophy from 600 AD – 1500 AD- According to cambridge advanced learners dictionary. They faced three major challenges.
1.Struggle for subsistence: The first challenge was simply to survive. Economic crisis was there. For centuries the human race, at least in the civilized part of the world, had lived well above that critical level. Now, with their world in ruins, many communities came dangerously close to abject poverty and even starvation and death. As a result, large areas became desert, and wasteland. They were cold in winter, hot in summer. After dark, the only light came from their smoky fires.
2.A world of enemies: Their life were also filled with danger. Living in small, self contained communities, lacking a powerful central authority or civil police, they were constantly attacked by pirates and marauding criminals. During dark age the price of protection was extremely high, as much three quarters of the income of those who were being protected.
3.The problem of God: god was the last of three medieval challenges. Human beings had always been interested in god and had attempted to understand his ways. They became obsessed with god. They thought about god, they studied god, they tried to ascertain his will and to obey it, and they tried to discover god's purpose in the world and to advance them. Their lives became more gods centered than ever before in western history.
As Socrates has said, God is vague concept so i dont want to waste my time finding the god. So, if the philosophers tried to answer the philosophical trend scientifically then this midievel age would'nt have to suffer so as they suffered. Their view and ideas stuck with the absence and presence of god. The philosopher Augustine seen in medieval age, he said the city of man is different from city of god . He divided the world in two regions- the city of God & the city of Man. Secondly, the Jews were god- obsessed and always had been. Everywhere, too, Jewish scholars and rabbis not only studied and rabbis not only studied and codified Jewish history and law but also studied and codified Hellenistic learning. They worked with Greeks & Christians. The Christian god was not just one of many gods. Pope was the most powerful authority at that time, since his background don’t allow him as a temporal leaders, consequently pope needed to establish and perpetrate an institution, headed by a man who would obey him. Charlemagne , who was crowned by pope on Christmas day of the year 800. The relative power of the empire and the papacy rose and fell during the centuries after 800.
Posted by- Alok Lamsal
Amir Joshi
ReplyDelete1. Do you think that studying philosophy is of any significance to media studies students? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media persons.
Answer:
Studying philosophy is of great significance to media studies students. Philosophy is the systematic study and examination of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality, causality and freedom. Also, it has to deal with historical concepts and ideas built in that period. It is a subject that makes us know; especially media studies students' ways to look at things from various perspectives. Media is such an area where people are involved in bringing truth from every possible corner. Similarly a true media person has a work of presenting and bringing out the real facts and happenings of the society.
Examples can be taken from our own country, where we lack some very good media persons and journalistic practice. We have one way flow of information and we don't get any new information regarding the happenings that take place in a day. There are dozens of television stations and multiple radio, FM stations, but we are always given the same news reporting about the event that takes place. There is nothing as such called new things and creative things that could be brought up and looking at any particular event in a new way. In such a scenario, media personnel who have knowledge of philosophy will surely try to give newness to anything. We look things differently and uniquely when we have knowledge of history and we can compare that to the present happenings. We can furthermore decide what can be its result in the near future.
Media person should have philosophical ideas. As said by Descartes, "we need to doubt everything", this idea would be very much helpful for the journalists to bring out the actual and factual things about anything. According to him, he did not know very much and he doubted everything and anything. In order to bring the core knowledge of and doubted everything that was not certain and then realized that the very fat of his doubting meant he must be thinking. Media person with similar kind of thoughts can work and could be sold in the market because of their skill to bring out the inner core ideas and reporting of any events, happenings.
Philosophy is the greatest form of knowledge because it involves the world spirit reflecting on itself. Ideas about history make people capable enough to compare it with the events that have already taken place. Another very popular philosopher, Socrates can be considered another good example to media people as he had brought about the idea of knowing nothing for the sake of getting everything. He did not know very much and this made him much smarter than other people. So taking ideas from the philosophy helps media person to become know-all man. Who have idea about everything and if they don't even know, then they can still be curious about it and finally get answers to their queries.
And lastly media person should act as Renaissance man, who have idea about every part of the world. From science to technology, from economics to artistic creation, if a media person has a knowledge about everything then they can actually be the true journalists. We have a limited mind and that too is not used completely. So making use of it can make us work and the result would be best out of everything. Hence, philosophy is a subject that media students need to study to get knowledge about the past and to be a perfect media personality.
Amir Joshi
ReplyDelete2. Synthesis is western philosophical thought.
Answer:
In any philosophical thought there are points (thesis) that are propounded by any philosopher. Then to encounter the points anti thesis are propounded. All the thoughts that come from the philosophers does not need to be correct all the time. So, anti thesis works as a counter point in the fight against right and wrong. When there is a collision between two strong determining sayings and ideas, then the mid ways and paths turn out to be the best amongst all. Synthesis arises among them and that will be termed as best thought because in the long run of practice and practical life, best way is to take the best of both ideas.
Among the philosophers who took synthesis as their working path, Hegel is one of them. According to Hegel, truth was subjective and that human reason changed each generation. Thoughts might be judged in their context and right and wrong change accordingly. But human knowledge is always increasing though history, so history is progressive. He also believed that thinking evolves dialectically, one thought leads to opposite and then we combine the two thoughts to form a new idea that contains the best elements of both.
Similarly the concept of synthesis was further explained and preceded by another famous philosopher, Immanuel Kant, who worked from the views of the empiricists and the rationalists. He believed that certain factors in our mind influence our experience of the world. We perceive everything as occurring in time and space, and these are innate characteristics of the human mind. He divides the world into things as they are in themselves and as we perceive them. He felt that the law of casualty was also a part of the human mind. Kant felt that we cannot know the answer to certain questions because they lie beyond human reason.
Though being a western philosophical thought, idea of synthesis is generally practiced all over as it is taken as best way amongst the competitive thoughts. Taking an example from Nepali politics, we have seen many political parties who take the mid ways between two giant ideologies and get best out of it. The third largest party of Nepali politics at present is ruling our country after resigning from the post of prime minister. It is possible because it is being able to take all the good things from other two bigger parties. Mid ways and synthesis of any two ideas has always been the better one in comparison to extreme good and extreme bad.
Amir Joshi
ReplyDelete3. Medieval age did not come with new philosophical insights. Why?
Answer:
For the Europeans, the age between 600 AD and 1500 AD was termed as Medieval age. It was difficult for the native Europeans and the other descendents of the fallen empire. At that point of time, 5th and 6th centuries AD destruction was faced and the three major challenges they faced were as follows.
The very first challenge was simply to survive which they called as survival for existence. There was economic calamity and they had lack of food and things that are required for the survival. Hundreds of years human race and most of the civilized part of the world had to live in a critical situation. Most of the population got disappeared due to lack of food and most of the fertile land turned into deserts. Children along with their family got descendent and most of them died out of hunger and starvation. There was no sign of human settlement for a long time.
Living a life without any settlement of humans lead the world to be converted into a completely new world. The world was filled with danger and it was called A world of enemies where no one could believe in one person. Everyone was against other. There were no communities, they lacked powerful central authority, and most of the times they were attacked by criminals. But comparing this situation to dark age there was protection, but the price was extremely high. The price was so high that the people had to pay double of what they earned. So, situation was extremely difficult in that age.
Similarly in case that relates to God, people had a strong belief in God. Still, they had some problem with it as well. They tried to understand the paths shown by god and they tried to find the real concept of god as well. God was put in center before in western history but in this period the discovery related to purpose of god was given much importance. So in this age, the challenge was related to god.
In this period, philosophers debated about the existence of god and where they really come from. So they questioned about man being at the centre or God at the center. So one of the philosophers Augustine divided the world into two regions the city of God and the city of Man. The Jews were always god obsessed and the scholars advocated and divided themselves into the idea of city of god and city of man. Jewish scholars and rabbis not only studied and rabbis not only studied and codified Jewish history and law but also studied and codified Hellenistic learning.
So the debate continued about the origin of god, pope, power of the empire. In this age nothing was found new. Everything revolved around religion, god and almighty power. The discussion related to the issue that god really exists was the key point of discussion. The Greek philosophers had already started this issue so nothing was propounded regarding this idea. Middle age was unable to come up with new philosophical ideas and trends as the people were in a very critical situation where they need to come over new civilization and security of themselves. As most of the people had faith in god so most of the time they devoted in the prayer and dedication to their god. The people neither developed economically nor they were able to establish their own stand regarding the existence of god. Hence as a conclusion we can say that there were no new philosophical insights in the medieval age.
a. Do you think that studying philosophy is of any significance to media studies students? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media persons.
ReplyDeleteAns: I think studying philosophy is fruitful able to media studies students because philosophical knowledge guide us in ethical and moral way so that we could do justice to our profession. Since philosophical knowledge provide us to think broadly and critically, we can apply such technique while doing journalism. We media person must be in favor of truth and justice whatever we see we have to reflect through the media. We know that philosophy is the critical study of all the domains so it helps to studying the facts and opinion and make us to think critically.
It is the study of life and universe which would be beneficial to our profession. The level of horizon of thinking and analyzing would be broadening after inheriting the philosophical knowledge. Media as the voice of voiceless people, after getting in depth knowledge we could do justice to those marginalized and backward people.
Sine media studies is an interdisciplinary study, philosophical knowledge adds a brick in these study. Philosophical knowledge guide media studies students to become a renaissance man who have multiple ideas and perspective so that he/she could handle any kinds of hindrances in their profession. So at a conclusion philosophical knowledge guides us to be perfect media person.
Posted by Tara Nath Chaulagain
b. Synthesis in Western philosophical thought.
Synthesis is a philosophical thought which is propounded by Hegel. His contribution to philosophy is less than the horology of philosophy. His major concern is the history of philosophy itself. He used 3 terms to explain the way idea/knowledge develops.
1. Thesis
2. Anti-thesis
.3.Synthesis
It refers to the dominant idea during anytime. For e.g. the dominant idea in our country now is republic. That dominant idea is thesis. The thesis doesn’t exist for all the time. It is opposed by another contradictory idea. That opposing idea is anti- thesis. These two have the interplay and develop the new idea synthesis. This is how synthesis developed. Hegel said that truth is subjective and it is beyond human reason. The further description was made by Immanuel Kant, who worked from the views of the empiricists and the rationalists. He synthesized the debate going on between empiricists and rationalist.
Posted by Tara Nath Chaulagain
c. Medieval Age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
Medieval age refers to roughly 1ooo years of time starting from 400 A.D to 1400 A.D. it was the time when Christianity was registered as a official religion of Romans. Constantine decleared the state religion as Christianity. Then started the conversion from Pagans to Christians. The principle of Christiana’s was the human beings are sinful creatures and we tend to remove sin to attain salvation. The outlook of people started discarding earthly things. The major concern was salvation.
Medieval age philosophy refer to :
1.Adoptation of Aristotle and Plato
2.Contemplation of Christians and Islamic ideas
3.Attack from outside
Territory of Rome get divided into 3 areas.
1. Western Rome (Christianity)
2. Eastern Rome (Christianity)
3. Southern Rome (Islam)
There was the domination of Plato’s philosophy in eastern Rome, Aristotle’s philosophy in western Rome and sythesization of both on Southern Rome. It is due to the Islamic philosopher that the writing of the Aristotle remained and was translated. The academy of Plato was closed. Faith/reason are the major term of this period.
Posted by Tara Nath Chaulagain
Krija Hyoju
ReplyDeleteAns A) Yes, studying philosophy is of great significance to media students.Talking it from Karl Marx then studying it has a great importance.
Before dealing why philosophy is important for media studies students,let me state the philosophy of Karl Mark.
Karl Mark is a greatest philosopher of the millennium.HE related philosophy with two things;
I: Consciousness issue
II:Matter's issue
He stated that matter gives existence to consciousness. His main concerns were evolution of society; the division of society into oppressor and oppressed; capitalism and its dominance over proletariat; believed in struggle by oppressed one and the end of the struggle will be class less society.
Yes , media persons also believe in Marxist philosophy .The main contain of the media is always society.They believe that it is society that is base for every aspect of the country. The media person always try to find difference between present and past society.There are many documentary shows in television channels that bring such programs . For eg; TLC is such program which tries to bring both past and present societies together .Like Marx they believe that society is base structure while government, religion etc are superstructure of the society.
Like Marx the media persons also believe that society is divided into oppressor and the oppressed one. The media person also tries to fill the gap between these two societies of the people. They act as a voice of the voiceless group and try to bring the problems of suppressed group.
When the suppressed group protest against the oppressor the media fully support them . the perfect example of this is the Jana Aandolan II in which king was the oppressor and the people being suppressed.They revolted against king and the media fully supported them.
The media also believe in classless society. They believe that a society can progress only when there is no discrimination on the basis of class, caste,gender etc.So, to eliminate such discrimination many tv channels are trying its best . They are trying to generate awareness amongst the people through their programs . For eg; the TV program on NTV "Thorai bhaye Pugisari" is an example of such movement . This TV program tries to bring out social issues like women education, women empowerment, caste problem and class issue. Then the program run by "maha sanchar' also tries its hand on many social issues so that through these programs they become able to raise awareness amongst the people.
Thus, studying philosophy is of great significance to media studies students.
Ans B) The process of synthesizing in western philosophy started from natural philosophy itself. Empedocles is regarded as the first synthesizer in western philosophy. He said that everything comes together and becomes substance.
ReplyDeleteAristotle also believes in synthesis as his Nicomachean ethics concerns on virtue. It is something between the extremes. He says that we become wise when we choose right action at right time. He says that courage is the mid value or synthesizing process between coward and rational people.
Hegel is another philosopher who believes in synthesis. Ha said that everything happens in three stages and they have dialectical relationship amongst themselves. The three stages are:
Thesis
Anti-thesis
Synthesis
Thesis means any statement which we think is true or any event that occurs is natural. Thesis believe that everything happens is destined by god and we can’t control it.
Anti- thesis oppose this view it rather believes that everything is controlled by power.
Then there comes the phase where power struggle starts between thesis and anti-thesis and synthesis occurs. Synthesis is the phase which try to bring both ideas of thesis and anti- thesis. It plays a vital role to end the conflict of the two concepts by summing up the negative as well as positive ideas of both concepts.
Another philosopher who talked about synthesis is Immanuel Kant. Rene Descartes was a typical rationalist. He convinced that reason was the only path to knowledge. He believe that everything happens due to reason. He argued that reason already is pre-exist existence.
In other hand, John Locke focused on Empiricism .We have nothing in the mind that we have not experienced through senses. We have no innate ideas or conception about the world we are brought into before we have seen it.
Then, Immanuel Kant synthesized both rationalist view of Descartes and empiricist view of Locke and brought new idea. He thought that both “sensing” and “ reason” come into play in our conception of the world. But the thought that the rationalist went too far in their claims as how much reason can contribute and he also thought the empiricists placed too much emphasis on sensory perception.
Thus, synthesis process was used by many great philosophers as to sum up two philosophical ideas which had great role individually and could be much better when inter wined.
Medieval age didn’t come up with new philosophical insights as it believed in religious factors only. There was the problem in survival and existence, and prone to enemies. The people were facing economic crisis and facing problems like poverty etc. They could not thing beyond survival and existence.
ReplyDeleteThis epoch believed that
I : you are a sinful creature
Ii: your job in this Earth is to purify yourself
II: Monetary is nothing
IV: You will attend salvation after death
V: Pope is the midway between god and people.
In this age, Philosophers could not think beyond god. They tried to relate everything with god and spiritual factor. The philosophers like Thomas Icanus, Thomas Aqinus etc also focused their philosophical thoughts over god only. The rise of reason was cripping up gradually was assassinated by Thomas Aqinus. They concentrated only on supernatural insights. They related science and every factor with god only. They kept god at the centre.
They said that Pope is the mid way between god and people. This made Pope supreme. Every mistakes we make can be purified by Pope. This misconception made people do many sins and crimes too.
Humans wee off the centre. They were regarded to be inferior and sinful creature. The medieval age did not believe in men’s capacity and thought they need to be guided by god. No human is capable or independent. They neither valued human nor bothered about monetary factor. The development made by many philosophers were also led back by this age.
Thus, medieval age did not come up with new philosophical insights due to problems for existence and enemity and the only belief in supernatural powers.
1)Do you think studying philosophy is of any significance to media study students? Justify with the relevance to any philosophy to media person?
ReplyDeletePhilosophy is study of nature and meaning of the universe and the human life. It is the particular set of belief resulting from the search for knowledge about the life and universe. So, set of belief of individual and society differ from one another. We don’t found universal set of belief in this world. It comes differently from different experience and thoughts of human beings. We see many philosopher and they don’t have the same idea. It provides us different set of belief about humanism.
I think the major concern of the people of today’s world is to find out the perfect set of philosophy provides them guidelines for living happy life. So, studying philosophy helps the person to expand their idea about the life and universe. I personally think, unlike other individual study of philosophy is very crucial for media study students, By the reason that they are the person who should interact with the heterogeneous mass who are guided by heterogeneous bundle of ed. As media is regarded as the, mirror of the society they should reflect the different philosophy of the people with out harming other. I think some time they themselves create a philosophy to maintain the two distinct philosophy that occurs when presenting media context. Rules are guided by the law where philosophy is guided by the ethics and beliefs. Media study students are the future media person. Only in the condition they know the philosophy of the individual, they can treat them effectively.
Lets take a philosopher, Martin Heidegger, whose says that human being are capable of sustaining the problem despite we live in world of problem. Studying him really help the media person. Media is regarded as the fourth state of the nation; by this we can know the importance of the media in the society. But, there we found lots of problem or effect of power in the media, which doesn’t let the media to really act as the mirror of the society. We are shouting this problem of the media every time. But are we even try to solve the problem? If the problem creator is man, there lies the solution, which can solve by man himself. Every problem comes up with equal opportunity. Every challenge creates a new and newer chances, only courage is needed. So, the concept of Heidegger may provide the strength to media person to dig out the negativity of the society.
But in the other hand, studying philosophy doesn’t mean only studying about the philosopher, who is worldly recognized. It obviously provides the over all idea about the philosophical trend of the society but is it sufficient? Philosophy helps to govern the life, by recognizing the ingredient for the happy life. As philosophy differs from people same like it change time to time. So study of philosophy means also going through the minds that are presented in current state of society. So, philosophy is the subject, which has clear purpose or beginning but unclear ending or doesn’t have any fixed ending. So, media person should much more aware about the present philosophical perspective, which is not written or yet to be written. It help them for effective dealing with the society.
-sham kc
1) Do you think studying philosophy is of any significance to media study students? Justify with the relevance to any philosophy to media person?
ReplyDeletePhilosophy is study of nature and meaning of the universe and the human life. It is the particular set of belief resulting from the search for knowledge about the life and universe. So, set of belief of individual and society differ from one another. We don’t found universal set of belief in this world. It comes differently from different experience and thoughts of human beings. We see many philosopher and they don’t have the same idea. It provides us different set of belief about humanism.
I think the major concern of the people of today’s world is to find out the perfect set of philosophy provides them guidelines for living happy life. So, studying philosophy helps the person to expand their idea about the life and universe. I personally think, unlike other individual study of philosophy is very crucial for media study students, By the reason that they are the person who should interact with the heterogeneous mass who are guided by heterogeneous bundle of ed. As media is regarded as the, mirror of the society they should reflect the different philosophy of the people with out harming other. I think some time they themselves create a philosophy to maintain the two distinct philosophy that occurs when presenting media context. Rules are guided by the law where philosophy is guided by the ethics and beliefs. Media study students are the future media person. Only in the condition they know the philosophy of the individual, they can treat them effectively.
Lets take a philosopher, Martin Heidegger, whose says that human being are capable of sustaining the problem despite we live in world of problem. Studying him really help the media person. Media is regarded as the fourth state of the nation; by this we can know the importance of the media in the society. But, there we found lots of problem or effect of power in the media, which doesn’t let the media to really act as the mirror of the society. We are shouting this problem of the media every time. But are we even try to solve the problem? If the problem creator is man, there lies the solution, which can solve by man himself. Every problem comes up with equal opportunity. Every challenge creates a new and newer chances, only courage is needed. So, the concept of Heidegger may provide the strength to media person to dig out the negativity of the society.
But in the other hand, studying philosophy doesn’t mean only studying about the philosopher, who is worldly recognized. It obviously provides the over all idea about the philosophical trend of the society but is it sufficient? Philosophy helps to govern the life, by recognizing the ingredient for the happy life. As philosophy differs from people same like it change time to time. So study of philosophy means also going through the minds that are presented in current state of society. So, philosophy is the subject, which has clear purpose or beginning but unclear ending or doesn’t have any fixed ending. So, media person should much more aware about the present philosophical perspective, which is not written or yet to be written. It help them for effective dealing with the society.
(1Do you think studying philosophy is of any significance to media study students? Justify with the relevance to any philosophy to media person?
ReplyDeletePhilosophy is study of nature and meaning of the universe and the human life. It is the particular set of belief resulting from the search for knowledge about the life and universe. So, set of belief of individual and society differ from one another. We don’t found universal set of belief in this world. It comes differently from different experience and thoughts of human beings. We see many philosopher and they don’t have the same idea. It provides us different set of belief about humanism.I think the major concern of the people of today’s world is to find out the perfect set of philosophy provides them guidelines for living happy life. So, studying philosophy helps the person to expand their idea about the life and universe. I personally think, unlike other individual study of philosophy is very crucial for media study students, By the reason that they are the person who should interact with the heterogeneous mass who are guided by heterogeneous bundle of ed. As media is regarded as the, mirror of the society they should reflect the different philosophy of the people with out harming other. I think some time they themselves create a philosophy to maintain the two distinct philosophy that occurs when presenting media context. Rules are guided by the law where philosophy is guided by the ethics and beliefs. Media study students are the future media person. Only in the condition they know the philosophy of the individual, they can treat them effectively.
sham kc
ReplyDelete2)Synthesis in the western philosophical thoughts.
One of the great philosophers from the west, Hegel, divided the knowledge in to three different stages, i.e thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis. Thesis is a happening; anti-thesis is a reaction on those happenings. So, struggle between the thesis and anti-thesis brings the synthesis. For eg; Descartes’ rationalism was thesis, which was contradicted by Hume’s empirical anti-thesis. This contradiction between two modes of thoughts resolved in Kant’s synthesis. Kant agreed with the rationalists in some thing and with the empiricists in other.So, the tension between two diametrically opposite school of thoughts brings a new result, which is called synthesis. We see the many area of knowledge comes in western philosophy by the process of synthesis. Some philosopher first brings the idea (thesis), than contradict idea (anti-thesis) provided by other and as the result new idea or new form of knowledge (synthesis) come in to existence. So, process of synthesis in western philosophy helps to sharp the philosophical trend and helps to establish the effective set of philosophy.
So, for the betterment of any discipline of knowledge, there most be contradiction between two modes of idea to bring an effective result or changes in society. But, continuing of the process is problematic, it most take the result of effective synthesis in time.
Ans(A) Yes, there is significance of studying philosophy for media students. We know that media is for society and nation. It is the one which inflows ans outflows the information and happening all around the world.So, to media students it is the must to study philosophy.
ReplyDeleteBecause it is the critical study of different domains and it broadens the knowledge and ability to implement in our understanding. Media students should keep his society in primary. To justify the relevence of philosophy i would like to take karl marx. He don't beleive in natural right and talked about the conflict in soiety between classes ih his words bourgoise and serf. He also mentioned that the high classes are exploiting the lower ones. The same thing happen in nepal context too. If the media person so study these htings the they will understand the present status on society and can analyze what really is happening. They can work out in this and can contribute to make difference in past society and present society. By this they can learn alot amd implement to their knowledge to make differnce and change
namrata kc
ReplyDeletenamrata kc
ReplyDeleteAns(b) Talking about synthesis Hegel has contributed to philosophy methodology ((how ideas are formulated and how ideas keep changing.) (philosophical development or inquiry) HE uses three terms to explain the ways idea develop
1 thesis 2 anti thesis 3 synthesis
Hegel explained the history of knowledge in terms of these three notions.Thesis refer to the dominant idea during any time.Synthesis is resulted due to the thesis and antithesis. Synthesis then becomes dominant in particular period of time. Synthesis is the sum total of all the ideas it is not of supporting one type only. It is the one which dealt the both thesis, antithesis and made the synthesis where both the thing are included. There are many philosophers who are synthesizer like Emannuel Kant, Aristotle and Empedocles was the first synthesizer.
namrata kc
ReplyDeleteAns(c) Medieval age can be divided into two groups
1 serf 2 landlords
As in the previous society there is the exploitation of landlords. There was struggle and that brings development. It could no longer exist and turn into fossils where form the metaphor new age begins i.e capitalism serfs-proleteriats landlords -bourgeoist
They didn't need to work long hours serfs who turn into proleteriats. "The history of all the hither to existing society is the history is the history of all the class struggle" class struggle is the common denotation of all the society. Condition of serf is better. In this society proletriats are responsible to produce wealth. They work as a machine worth i.e log of machine. They cant sustain their life with satisfy as in the previous age. The whole family work for Bourgeoise. They don't exploit single member but whole family. They have to work more and more to pay. At last they have to die because of debt. These people don't have access in "means of production"and "mode of production" Both of these things were in the hand of Bourgeoise. So, they got a chance to exploit. so in this age people suffered a lot. They were literally exploited because of which they were having more faith in god and this was also termed as dark age.
people were suffering from poverty and economic crisis where they didn't come up with new ideas as they were in trouble they having ti think about only about themselves.Only thing they have to think is god they don't have other alternative to think. They were suppressed and exploited. Hence we can conclude that this medieval age was simply for the struggle for existence. Here no new philosophical ideas came yes nothing at all only faith to god.
Synthesis is western philosophical thought. Explain.
ReplyDeleteans. The process of synthesizing in philosophy started from western philosophy .Aristotle believes in synthesis, he says that we become wise when we choose right action at right time. He says that courage is the mid value or synthesizing process between coward and rational people.
Another western philosopher who believes in synthesis is Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegal, popularly known as Hegal. Hegal says that thing happens in three dialectical phases.
i)Thesis: Anything happens which occurs/anything which is true.
ii)Anti thesis :Totally opposite to thesis, thesis bring anti thesis.
iii)Synthesis: A new result come from anti thesis. It plays a vital role to end the conflict of the two concepts by summing up the negative as well as positive ideas of both concepts
Synthesis is the phase which tries to bring both ideas of thesis and anti- thesis.
After Hegal, Immanuel Kant was another philosopher who talks about synthesis. Immanuel Kant synthesized rationalist view of Descartes and empiricist view of Locke and brought new idea. He thought that both “sensing” and “reason” come into play in our conception of the world. But the thought that the rationalist went too far in their claims as how much reason can contribute and he also thought the empiricists placed too much emphasis on sensory perception. Here he merged the rationalist view of Descartes and empiricist view of Locke and brought the new idea.
Thus, we came to know that the profounder of this thought were western philosopher. Although being western philosophical thought now a day it is a process of understanding. As I already mention synthesis plays a vital role give conclusion of the two concepts by summing up negative and positive ideas.
Posted by BIKALPA
Sahina Shrestha
ReplyDeleteb. Synthesis is western philosophical thought.
Ans: Hegel talks about thesis, antithesis and synthesis in his dialectic process. A thesis can be seen as a single idea. The idea contains a form of incompleteness that gives rise to the antithesis, a conflicting idea. A third point of view, a synthesis, arises from this conflict. It overcomes the conflict by reconciling the truths contained in the thesis and antithesis at a higher level. The synthesis is a new thesis. It generates a new antithesis, and the process continues until truth is arrived at.
Immanuel Kant on the other hand synthesized Descartes' idea of rationalism and Locke's idea of empiricism. He thought that both the rationalist and the empiricist were right on some points and wrong some other points when it came to answering the question of what can we know about the world. He thought that both reason and senses were important on how we perceive the world. According to him there are certain conditions in the human minds that contribute to our conception of the world. He gave emphasis to 'time and space'. He called it the two forms of intuition. According to him our perception adapts itself to these two forms of intuition. He claimed that it is not only the mind that conform the things but things also conforms the mind. He divides the world into things as they are in themselves and as we perceive them. He felt that the law of casualty was also a part of the human mind. Kant felt that we cannot know the answer to certain questions because they lie beyond human reason. Thus Kant synthesized rationalism and empiricism.
Sahina Shrestha
ReplyDeletea. Do you think that studying philosophy is of any significance to media studies students? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media persons.
Ans: Philosophy is the study of the past and it gives us guidance to the present and the future. As media studies student we can't afford to be hedonistic and live in the present alone. We need to be aware of the past, deal with the present and know the consequences the future might pose. It is important for us to have multiple insights on the everyday happenings around us. We need to see the incidents with different perspective and analyze it correctly to give the true picture to the people. Studying philosophy helps us achieve that and gives us knowledge about the different fields.
Rene Descartes can be taken as an example whose of philosophy of rationalism helps us in the field of media. He doubted everything that was around him and said it was reason that made a man, 'I think therefore I am.' The main principle of journalism too is to doubt everything and every source of information. Journalism ethics tells us to even doubt our own mother if she is the source of information, something that is not too dissimilar from Descartes' idea. Doubting helps us to know more, it pushes us to ask more question, investigate a little more- a trait that can help a media person immensely. Doubting everything and asking more question helps us get credible information and leaves little if not no place for mistakes and false information. Doubting everything doesn’t necessarily turn us into cynics of the modern day world it helps us get accurate information. So what and how is important in journalism, doubting helps us achieve the best possible answer and accurate one at that.
Sahina Shrestha
ReplyDeleteAns a) contd...
Another example can be of the Renaissance man. A media person needs to know about every field from science and technology to art and literature. Only when a media person has ideas about the different fields will he be able to report accordingly. A good media person needs to be an all rounder like the Renaissance man to adjust himself in any situation and report about every program of happening around the world.
Thus, it is clear that studying philosophy is of major significance to the media students.
Sahina Shrestha
ReplyDeletec. Medieval Age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
The time span of the medieval age is from 600 AD to 1500 AD. It was hard times for the Europeans after the fall of the Roman empire.
The first and foremost challenge was to survive for existence. There was economic and food scarcity. . Most of the population disappeared due to lack of food and most of the fertile land turned into deserts. Children along with their family got descendent and most of them died due hunger and starvation. There was no sign of human settlement for a long time. Another problem they faced was that since there was no settlement, they lacked the authority of the central power. Each one was pitted against each other. The world was full of enemies. But the major cause for nothing new to have come up in this period is the fact that everyone was obsessed with God and religion. The philosophers gave more importance to God and religion. The question was who was at the center the man or the God and philosophers like St. Augustine too were more preoccupied in answering these questions and reinforcing people's belief in God.
In the medieval age the human condition was in a critical state. They faced severe crisis. And God was the center point for the people of that period. So they didn’t have time or the resources to think beyond their lines of survival and God. Hence no new philosophical insights came from the medieval ages.
Bineeta Baral
ReplyDeletea) ans:
Media Studies student are the future media person. Media person should be able to see the things from various perspectives. They should have the knowledge of every field like a renaissance man who has acquaintance with lots of domains. They should be able to see the things from the root so that they can find facts and reality of the case and bring out to the audiences.
Philosophy teaches the historical background of the world. It makes the aware of the facts, truth and reality of the existence. We can see the different things even in the global media like in the channels "History channel, Discovery channel". How the people have been developing and coming to the new ideas and perceptions. According to Karl mark the matter gives existence to consciousness. Therefore media people should focus on the matter. There matter is the society so they need to focus on the welfare of society by giving the actual events and evidence in their articles or the news. In the present context of Nepal every newspaper has the same article with the same viewpoint. They do the bias on the information they give. They give the priority to the one party only and dominate to the other party. If the media people will have the philosophical knowledge they may not be doing this kind of mistakes rather they would have focus on the bases of truth and the reality.
Therefore, I think that studying philosophy has a great significance to the media studies student
KALELI NYAICHYAI
ReplyDeletea. Do you think that studying philosophy is of any significance to media studies students? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media persons.
Society is influenced by philosophy. The history of philosophy reflects the intellectual trends and their impacts in the society. As for example, at the time of Plato poetry was taken as the experience of falsehood, they thought it spoil the new generation. So Plato even said poet should be banished from the state. Where in the medieval period philosophy and intellectual exercise was centered to God. St. Augustine, St. Paul, all of them contributed for the church and theocracy. Freedom speech were imprisoned with church.
By the advent of empiricism, philosopher like John Locke emphasizes on the sense of human being as the basis of human intellectuality. John Locke emphasizes on ideas generated from our senses. He believed that idea and God was born of human reason. Previously, the idea of God were kept apart from human. But Locke brings God within human beings. He spoke out for intellectual liberty and tolerance. He also viewed for the equality of senses and he viewed against the subjugation of women. He also focused on the state of law should be made by people's representative and it should be followed by the king and the government.
In this way as the intellectual trend focus on the freedom of thought. So, development of medias get prosperity in the history. So, philosophy can directly influence media students, importance and its development. Under the tyrannical vies media cannot be flourished.
KALELI NYAICHYAI
ReplyDeleteb. Synthesis in Western philosophical thought.
All knowledge is human knowledge. The remark refers the basic contribution of Hegel in western philosophy. Since, Plato philosophers contributed lot on defining what is truth. Plato said the truth is ideas and artist can only copy the truth even we human being perceive the surroundings from our senses is only the appearance of truth not the exact truth. So poetry can never be truth according to Plato. Later on, Emmanuel Kant a great aesthetic philosopher termed poetry as subjective truth. Kant also agrees that truth can not be attained human beings. He denied that man could have any cognition of the enormous secrets of nature, he admitted that these exist a kind of on unattainable truth. But on the other hand Hegel another German philosopher influence by Kant, said truth is subjective. This he reject the existence of any truth above or beyond human reason. Hegel's philosophy teaches us nothing about the inner nature of life, but it can teach us to think productively. In this way, western philosophy now started to focus on human being and their cognition. He had tries to investigate the human cognition. He believe that the bases of human cognition change from generation to generation. There were therefore no eternal truth no timeless reason. The only fixed point the philosophy can hold on to its history itself. So the western philosophies gone freedom on understanding truth.
"History is like a running river", for Hegel. Another contribution of Hegel in western philosophy is he thought of dialect process in the history. In the history, a tension arises between two opposite ways of thinking. But the tension is resolved by the proposal of third which accommodates the best of both points of view. Hegel called a basic thought is thesis and in contradict to basic thought which he called negation is anti-thesis. There is now tension between two dramatically opposed school of thought. Both thoughts have partially right and partially wrong points. And the compromise between both school of thought was what Hegel called a negation of the negation. He also called these three stages of knowledge as thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis.
KALELI NYAICHYAI
ReplyDeleteb. Synthesis in Western philosophical thought.
All knowledge is human knowledge. The remark refers the basic contribution of Hegel in western philosophy. Since, Plato philosophers contributed lot on defining what is truth. Plato said the truth is ideas and artist can only copy the truth even we human being perceive the surroundings from our senses is only the appearance of truth not the exact truth. So poetry can never be truth according to Plato. Later on, Emmanuel Kant a great aesthetic philosopher termed poetry as subjective truth. Kant also agrees that truth can not be attained human beings. He denied that man could have any cognition of the enormous secrets of nature, he admitted that these exist a kind of on unattainable truth. But on the other hand Hegel another German philosopher influence by Kant, said truth is subjective. This he reject the existence of any truth above or beyond human reason. Hegel's philosophy teaches us nothing about the inner nature of life, but it can teach us to think productively. In this way, western philosophy now started to focus on human being and their cognition. He had tries to investigate the human cognition. He believe that the bases of human cognition change from generation to generation.
KALELI NYAICHYAI
ReplyDeleteans b) contd..
There were therefore no eternal truth no timeless reason. The only fixed point the philosophy can hold on to its history itself. So the western philosophies gone freedom on understanding truth.
"History is like a running river", for Hegel. Another contribution of Hegel in western philosophy is he thought of dialect process in the history. In the history, a tension arises between two opposite ways of thinking. But the tension is resolved by the proposal of third which accommodates the best of both points of view. Hegel called a basic thought is thesis and in contradict to basic thought which he called negation is anti-thesis. There is now tension between two dramatically opposed school of thought. Both thoughts have partially right and partially wrong points. And the compromise between both school of thought was what Hegel called a negation of the negation. He also called these three stages of knowledge as thesis, anti-thesis and synthesis.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteKALELI NYAICHYAI
ReplyDeletec. Medieval Age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
Medieval age is influenced by Christianity, church and priest were the most powerful institutions in the state. Even the ruler is under the authority of church. There were social stratas divided where certain group can only be educated. And the education is provided as the church wanted. So, there was completely lack of freedom and even intellectual exercises were bounded within the premises of churchyard. Thats why, new philosophical insights were not born. Many thinkers and philosophers were punished severely due to their new thought.
The notion of freedom is defined as God's desire upon us. AS Dante in the divine said,"His will is our peace." That means only if our desire is entirely in accord with Gods desire for us are we at peace. To hope otherwise would mean to loose our freedom and to become enslaved by our own desires.
In the medieval period, St. Augustine was the one of the influential philosopher whose theory influenced both Protestant and Catholic. St. Augustine agrees that philosophy has capacity to educate human, but it is not so right as divine revelation. He divide human life into two parts; earthly life and heavenly life. In the earthly life human condemn God for his miseries in life. But in heavenly he believes that a person condemned to self and prays God.
In this way, the cause of human existence is thought of sin that human commit. So if human being has to restore state and attain dignity. Augustine suggest that the power is only with the God. He uses the classical rhetoric and learnings. He devised nothing new philosophy but only interpret the Christian scripture. Thats why the new thought and new philosophy were not developed in medieval period.
SUJATA KARKI
ReplyDeleteQ1. Do you think studying Philosophy is of any significance to media studies students ? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media person.
ans:Philosophy is the systematic study and examination of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality, causality and freedom. Also, it has to deal with historical concepts and ideas built in that period. It is a subject that makes us know things from various perspectives.Media is such an area where people are involved in bringing truth from every possible corner.A journalist gets knowledge about using arguments, logic, and premises in a suitable manner for a news reporting.A journalist should be Renaissance man.As in Renaissance god was kept in a small corner. It was the observation on which everything was believed, scientific enquiry was at top.Media person should have philosophical ideas. As said by Descartes, "we need to doubt everything", this idea would be very much helpful for the journalists to bring out the actual and factual things about anything. Ideas about history make people capable enough to compare it with the events that have already taken place. the media persons also believe that society is divided into oppressor and the oppressed one. The media person also tries to fill the gap between these two societies of the people.The media also believe in classless society. They believe that a society when there is no discrimination on the basis of class, caste,gender etc.So, to eliminate such discrimination many tv channels are trying its best . They are trying to generate awareness amongst the people through their programs .So taking ideas from the philosophy helps media person to become know-all man Who have idea about everything and if they don't even know, then they can still be curious about it and finally get answers to their queries.It is the study of life and universe which would be beneficial to our profession. The level of horizon of thinking and analyzing would be broadening after inheriting the philosophical knowledge. Media as the voice of voiceless people, after getting in depth knowledge we could do justice to those marginalized and backward people.Media studies is an interdisciplinary study, philosophical knowledge adds a brick in these study.
Thus, studying philosophy is one of the singnificant to media student as its give knowlegde about past and for prefect media person.
by SUJATA KARKI
Bineeta Baral
ReplyDeleteb) ans:
Hegel contribution is less than the philosophical methodology. (How ideas are formulated and how ideas keep on changing.) He uses three terms to explain the ways idea develop
1. Thesis
2. Antithesis
3. Synthesis
He explained that the history of knowledge in terms of these three notions. Thesis refers to the dominant idea during any time. In our country the thesis or dominant is Republic. Thesis is opposed by a contrary idea. The idea that opposes is antithesis. Synthesis is resulted due to the thesis and antithesis.
Similarly Immanuel Kant synthesized the philosophies of the rationalist and empiricist. He said to emphasis one point is wrong. He agreed that the sense perception (empiricist notion) is important and denied that our mind is a blank sheet of paper but on contrary he agreed with the fact of intuition. The intuitive elements are space and time. Our understanding of concrete things gets accumulated and his accumulation gets other abstract things.
SUJATA KARKI
ReplyDelete. Synthesis in Western philosophical thought.
ans:-Synthesis in philosophy is the combination of parts, or elements, in order to form a more complete view or system. The coherent whole that results is considered to show the truth more completely than would a mere collection of parts. The term synthesis also refers, in the dialectical philosophy of the 19th-century German philosopher Hegel, to the higher stage of truth that combines the truth of a thesis and an antithesis. Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophy underscores an existential type of synthesis. In Being and Nothingness, consciousness is always trying to become being to achieve a synthesis.The Marxian process of change through the conflict of opposing forces, whereby a given contradiction is characterized by a primary and a secondary aspect, the secondary succumbing to the primary, which is then transformed into an aspect of a new contradiction. Often used in the plural with a singular or plural verb.The Marxian critique of this process.Most fundamentally, the process of reasoning to obtain truth and knowledge on any topic. According to the different views of this process, different conceptions of dialectic emerge. Thus in the Socratic method dialectic is the process of eliciting the truth by means of questions aimed at opening out what is already implicitly known, or at exposing the contradictions and muddles of an opponent's position. In the middle dialogues of Plato, however, it becomes the total process of enlightenment, whereby the philosopher is educated so as to achieve knowledge of the supreme good, the form of the Good. For Aristotle, dialectic is any rational inference based on probable premises.
SUJATA KARKI
ReplyDeleteIn Kant, dialectic is the ‘logic of illusion’, or the misuse of logic to deliver the appearance of solid belief. It is one of the jobs of true philosophy to reveal the places where reason transgresses its proper boundaries, producing the illusions of transcendental metaphysics (see antinomy, paralogism). In Hegel, dialectic refers to the necessary process that makes up progress in both thought and the world (which are identified in Hegel's idealism, although the idea that processes in the world unfold in a way that mirrors the processes of reason is as old as Heraclitus). The process is one of overcoming the contradiction between thesis and antithesis, by means of synthesis; the synthesis in turn becomes contradicted, and the process repeats itself until final perfection is reached and dialectical materialism.
SUJATA KARKI
ReplyDeletec. Medieval Age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
ans:-Medieval age is the period of middle age in European history\philosophy from 600 AD – 1500 AD. Middle age was hard for all Europeans, the survivors and descendents of the fallen empire.For many students of the medieval era, social history is the most fascinating area of study. Understanding what people wore and ate, what their dwellings were like, how they made a living or entertained themselves, the artwork they produced and the literature they wrote, their technological development and what they believed in all bring the scholar closer to the Middle Ages.The medieval time of history spans a period of more than 700 years, beginning around the year 800. During this time, there were key advances in society, government and religion. A major part of medieval history were the Crusades. Following the split of the church and the expansion of Christianity, the Crusades were launched to defend Christianity from Islam. Thousands of Europeans traveled to Jerusalem to wage war with the Islamic forces, to settle the area and to regain the Holy Land. For a period of time, their quest was successful; however, with the fall of Acre in 1291, the Crusades effectively ended. In total, the Crusades lasted more than 200 years.
SUJATA KARKI
ReplyDeleteANS C CONTINUED:
While tens of thousands died in the Crusades, Europeans were enlightened to many new technologies and developed many new trade routes. Improvements in navigation were discovered and new items such as silk, gunpowder and navigation aids were introduced. As a result of this, the Age of Exploration was possible. Much positive came from the medieval times, but the period was not without tremendous problems. Population explosions caused poor sanitary conditions which led to the Black Death where nearly half of Europe’s population died. Much enlightenment could be found in the Church, but there was much injustice done in the name of religion. A particularly dark time in Church history was the Inquisition where in a blind quest for heretics, many innocent people were tortured and executed in the name of Christianity.Overall, the medieval period can be divided into the Dark Ages, the High Middle Ages and the Later Middle Ages, the period which preceded the Renaissance. Much was introduced in this period and while some of the developments which had their birth in this time fell by the wayside and have been forgotten or lost to history, much that we take for granted today has roots during this period of human development.
by SUJATA KARKI
-Aakash Shakya
ReplyDeleteAns1- I do think that studying philosophy has a great significant in media studies student. Philosophy can be defined in different ways. Philosophy is the systematic study and examination of basic concepts such as truth, existence, reality and freedom. In simple we can say philosophy as the study of nature and human life. As philosophy helps not only broadening our mind but also it helps we people to look at things from different perspectives. Socrates a very popular philosopher says “wisest is she who she does not know”. So according to Socrates philosophy a person should know that nobody must think he/she is the wisest person in this world instead of that he/she should try to learn new things every day. Socrates also says about the importance of being honest with one self. An honest media person is an important individual in the construction of society. Philosophy is the greatest form of knowledge because it involves the world spirit reflecting on itself. As a media person should act as voice of voiceless, we media studies student can get valuable information and knowledge through studying philosophy. As a result we can really prove that we are the voice of voiceless in our future. A media person should have the knowledge from almost every part of the world and act as a Renaissance man to be a successful media person. Therefore we can say studying philosophy has a great significance to media study students as we get to know different philosophical perspectives of different philosopher.
-Aakash Shakya
ReplyDeleteAns2-The process of synthesizing in western philosophy started from natural philosophy itself. Aristotle believes in synthesis as his Nicomachean ethics concerns on virtue. Many philosophers first bring the idea then contradict that idea provided by other as a result new idea comes into existence. Hegel one of the greatest philosophers divided the knowledge in to three different stages, i.e. thesis, antithesis and synthesis. According to Hegel the synthesis solves the conflict between the thesis and antithesis by reconciling their common truths and forming a new proposition. For example, we can say Descartes’ rationalism was a thesis-which was contradicted by Hume’s empirical antithesis. But the contradiction, or the tension between two modes of thought, was resolved in Kant’s synthesis. . Kant first worked from the views of the empiricists and the rationalists. As a result he synthesized the debate going on between empiricists and rationalists. But the story doesn’t end with Kant. Kant synthesis now becomes the point of departure for another chain of reflection, or triad. As a synthesis will also be contradicted by a new antithesis.
Therefore nothing is constant and in the case of synthesis it is the same. So for the upgrading and betterment of any knowledge or idea new ideas must be created to bring effective changes in our world.
-Aakash Shakya
ReplyDeleteAns3-The Middle ages actually means the period between other two epochs. Medieval age refers to roughly 1ooo years of time starting from 400 A.D to 1400 A.D. The expression arose during the Renaissance. The dark Ages, as they were also called, were seen then as one interminable thousand-year-long night which had settled over Europe between antiquity and the Renaissance. Augustine was one of the philosophers in the medieval age who tried to cristanized Plato. The philosopher Augustine seen in medieval age said the city of man is different from city of god. Medieval age philosophy refers to:
Adaptation of Aristotle and Plato, Contemplation of Christians and Islamic ideas, Attack from outside. In this age philosophers didn’t tried to synthesize the antithesis. Instead of that they expanded the previous philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and many other philosophers. There was the domination of Plato’s philosophy in eastern Rome, Aristotle’s philosophy in western Rome and sythesization of both on Southern Rome. It is due to the Islamic philosopher that the writing of the Aristotle remained and was translated. Over all we can say the medieval age didn’t got chance to taste a new philosophical trend as philosophers in this period followed the philosophy of philosopher before the medieval age. As a result medieval age did not come up with new philosophical ideas.
Q. 1. Synthesis is western philosophical thought. Explain.
ReplyDeleteAns :- Kant is popularly known as the Synthesizer of the philosophical thought of empiricist and rationalist. Along with Hegel he tried to vision the world in the form of Time and Space which is a greatest example of synthesis even relating to the philosophical trend by Plato and Aristotle. Hegel was corrected by Karl Marx. Hegel emphasized on consciousness rather than matter. He said consciousness is the outcome of matter but Karl Marx gives the vision of Matter before idea.
When we watch the philosophical trend we see antithesis to thesis and we can see that philosophers started giving scientific solutions and this can be said as synthesis. Hegel developed the dialectic method. He believed that every thing happens because they are pre determined. Every synthesis, thesis and antithesis is determined in world spirit, so everything happens in this world.
History itself revealed this dialectic pattern Hegel believes so. So claimed he uncovered certain laws for the development of reason-or the progress of the 'world spirit ' through history. We try to find flows in argument. Hegel called it-'negative thinking'. But when we find flows in the arguments, we preserve the best of it.
Descartes rationalism was a thesis- which was contradicted by Hume's Empirical antithesis. But the contradiction, or the tension between two modes of thought, was resolved in Kant's Synthesis. Kant agreed with rationalist in something and with empiricist in others.
3. Medieval age did not come with new philosophical insights. Why?
ReplyDeleteAnswer:
The age between 600 AD and 1500 AD was termed as Medieval age. It was difficult for the native Europeans and the other descendents of the fallen empire. Destruction was in the top during 5th and 6th century people had to bear lots of challenges the population of Rome climbed down to thousands from million development was pushed back to more than hundred years. Hunger stroke to the different parts of the world new world was formed with truth and belief in no body. People started not to believe any body than them. People were against other there was no powerful core body to govern the people and most of the times they were attacked. So, situation was extremely difficult in that age.
People were aesthetic people had strong belief in god that is why god was the centre of their belief so god was kept in center in western history.
During this period, philosophers debated about the existence of god and was pushed from centre to the corner of portraits and god was neglected man was started to worship so one of the philosophers Augustine divided the world into two regions the city of God and the city of Man.
The issue of existence of god was questioned a lot pope was the power of the empire. There were no any new things propounded the entire things were revolving round like the wheel of a vehicle. So we can say that Medieval age did not come with new philosophical insights.
Q.2 Do you think that studying philosophy is of any significance to media studies students? Justify with the relevance of any philosophy (except Hellenism) to media persons.
ReplyDeleteAns: Philosophy is in my opinion a key to rule the world. Every person has one with them, they either follow others philosophical principal or propound their own. And media personals are not untouched from philosophy. Media personals are considered to be person’s “Jack of all master of non” so in this case media persons should be a renaissance man who can tackle any subject say finance, politics, entertainment etc. Philosophy is the study of life and universe which is a very strong point to carry out the media job. Analyzing level and thinking level would broaden after inheriting the philosophical knowledge.
Thus philosophical study is a master subject to master the world. Read the world where we are living.
-Shyam Kc
ReplyDeletec. Medieval Age did not come up with new philosophical insights. Why?
The medieval age started from 600 AD to 1500 AD. It was hard times for the Europeans after the fall of the Roman empire.Medieval age is influenced by Christianity, church and priest were the most powerful institutions in the state. Even the ruler is under the authority of church. As in the previous society there is the exploitation of landlords. There was struggle and that brings development. It could no longer exist and turn into fossils where form the metaphor new age begins i.e capitalism serfs-proleteriats landlords -bourgeoist.In the medieval period, St. Augustine was the one of the influential philosopher whose theory influenced both Protestant and Catholic. St. Augustine agrees that philosophy has capacity to educate human, but it is not so right as divine revelation. He divide human life into two parts; earthly life and heavenly life. In the earthly life human condemn God for his miseries in life. But in heavenly he believes that a person condemned to self and prays God.A major part of medieval history were the Crusades. Following the split of the church and the expansion of Christianity, the Crusades were launched to defend Christianity from Islam. Thousands of Europeans traveled to Jerusalem to wage war with the Islamic forces, to settle the area and to regain the Holy Land. In medieval age new view of the world swept over Christendom during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when two orders were established, the Franciscans and the Dominicans . In later years even the Dominicans and Franciscans were tempted by the riches that were forced upon them by those who hoped to purchase salvation by giving their wealth to holy men and women. They made no further contribution to economy or to society.Due to this medieval age didn't come up with new philosophical insight.
Sharad Suwal
ReplyDeleteAns. C The medieval ages means the period between the 600 year before Christ and the 1400 years after Christ . This ages are also the dark age. The medieval age also opposed the roman catholic middle age. In this age the philosopher mainly concern on the Christ "God" and in this time the philosopher who bring new thoughts they will be punished by the roman catholic. They always focused on the god and spiritual factor. Many philosopher concerned on the god only and they ddn't bring the new thought beside the the god. People were suppressed by the Christianity predominant philosophy of life. People went to church for their education. Rome was the Christian capital throughout most of the medieval period. But as the kings and bishops of the time the new nation-states became more and more powerful. Some of them were bold enough to stand up to the might of the church. In this age The Church was very much in control of the gamut of medieval life. Civilization progressed slowly; science was looked upon with distrust and often, as heresy. Communication between and within countries was tedious and primarily sent word-of-mouth. Books were a rarity, and writing was the province of the powerful. Art and literature were on the decline, as the former marvels of Rome were swept away by time. So that the medieval age did not came up with new philosophical insights.
Sharad Suwal
ReplyDeleteAns. A
Studying philosophy is significance for the media students because Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions by its critical, generally systematic approach. For the media person philosophy is one of the important factor for the viewing the idea in different perspective. Media person became like a renaissance man. Renaissance man is person who have gained the different field of knowledge. A media person also gain the different field of knowledge. For example, in KTV the program by bhusan dahal host fire side. In fire side bhsan dahal questioning the philosophical view to the political leader. By the philosophical studying the media students explore their with the different philosophical thoughts. By the help of the philosophy studying give willpower to the media students and interact with mass people. Even for Karl Marx the mass media was simply an instrument of bourgeois control over the proletariat, a part of the overall superstructure of society, along with religion, the family and education. Marxist theory has been very influential since he started writing about developed capitalist society in the mid-Victorian era. His basic premise - that the oppressed proletariat should emancipate themselves and take control of society away from the bourgeoisie has spawned political movements, academic theories and hundreds of different interpretations and analyses. Marxist and 'neo-Marxist' approaches to the study of mass media have been common in academic circles since the late 1960. So the studying philosophy is great significance for the media students.